Speaking at the IATA annual meeting in Dubai on June 2, 2024, the IATA精东影业 Director General highlighted the enduring challenges facing the aviation industry. According to Walsh, the ongoing supply chain problems may stretch until 2026.

“Our assessment is that it’s not getting worse, but it’s not getting better either. I see these problems continuing certainly through this year, 2025, and probably into 2026,鈥� Wash said.

Lufthansa Innovation Hub identifies top cities for Advanced Air Mobility launch

• Aviation Technology and Innovation

byClement Charpentreau

2024-07-12

The prolonged supply chain disruptions have already caused significant frustration among airline executives, who are eager to expand their fleets and align with their long-term growth plans. These delays have hampered their ability to meet rising demand and take advantage of new market opportunities, leading to mounting pressure to find solutions and mitigate the impact on their operations and profitability.

“Some airline chief executives are incredibly frustrated at their inability to get the jets they’ve ordered into service, and that is delaying growth plans and growth opportunities that they have,” Walsh explained.

SAF production progressing as planned

In the meantime, despite ongoing supply chain challenges, airlines remain unwavering in their commitment to environmental sustainability, according to IATA. Efforts to reduce carbon emissions and implement more sustainable practices have not been sidelined by the current supply chain issues affecting the aviation industry.

IATA criticizes Germany’s ‘unhealthy obsession’ with aviation taxes

• Airlines

byGabriele Petrauskaite

2024-05-05

In a recent report, that the projected tripling of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) production to 1.9 billion liters (1.5 million tons) in 2024 is progressing as planned. This substantial increase is expected to account for 0.53% of aviation精东影业 fuel needs in 2024, representing a critical step towards the industry精东影业 long-term sustainability goals.

To further support the initiative, IATA announced the creation of the This innovative tool aims to accelerate the adoption of SAF by providing authoritative accounting and reporting of emissions reductions from SAF. The Registry is being designed to ensure transparency and credibility in tracking SAF usage and its environmental benefits.

Emirates joins IATA精东影业 Turbulence Aware Platform; to merge data with Lido mPilot

• Airlines
• Aviation Safety
• Aviation Technology and Innovation

byJean Carmela Lim

2024-05-30

The development of the SAF Registry has received significant support from various stakeholders within the aviation sector. Currently, a total of 17 airlines, one airline group, six national authorities, three Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and one fuel producer are already backing IATA精东影业 initiative.

The Registry is expected to launch in the first quarter of 2025.

During periods of peak passenger traffic, such as Europe精东影业 summer season, or aircraft capacity constraints experienced during industry-wide aircraft groundings, ACMI services provide an alternative to deep financial investment into aircraft capacity for airlines seeking to shore up their fleets.   

Jonas Janukenas,听CEO of global ACMI capacity provider Avia Solutions听Group听shares in an interview听of听the growing acceptance of ACMI听鈥渁s a mainstream business [practice among airlines], as part of their long-term strategy.鈥�

Avia Solutions Group, based in Dublin Ireland, is known to be the world精东影业 largest ACMI capacity provider operating a fleet of 212 aircraft. 

In a , released in April 2024, Avia Solutions Group announced its audited financial results for 2023, reporting revenues of EUR 2.3 billion, up 22% from the year before. According to the statement EUR 950 million of the Group’s revenues were attributed to passenger aircraft ACMI services.

According to Janukenas, establishing global aircraft operator certificates (AOC) infrastructure is key to the ACMI business model’s success.

鈥淭o achieve good utilization, we move aircraft to opposite seasonality areas,鈥� said Janukenas in an Aviation Forum interview.

Avia Solutions Group operates 12 AOCs serving passenger and cargo ACMI businesses and is a parent company to SmartLynx Airlines, Avion Express, AirExplore, Ascend Airways, BBN Airlines Indonesia, KlasJet, Magma Aviation, Skytrans and other AOCs and aviation business entities.

SmartLynx Airlines set for 100-strong aircraft fleet by 2027, says new CEO

• Airlines

byAvia Solutions Group

2024-03-28

However, the group aims to expand its fleet and capacity to 18 AOCs by the end of 2024, including plans to establish four ACMI-dedicated AOCs in Latin America and the Asia Pacific, namely Brazil, the Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia.

鈥淲e want to create all the infrastructure for an efficient and effective, both time- and cost-wise, network of different AOC across the globe,鈥� Janukenas highlighted.

The Dublin-based group also provides a spectrum of aviation services which include aircraft maintenance and repair services (MRO) through its subsidiary FL Technics, with technical maintenance and repair hangars in Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and Lithuania, along with 100 operational maintenance stations in various countries. 

Among the Group’s companies is the largest independent pilot training centre, BAA Training, with pilot schools in Spain, France, Lithuania, and Vietnam.

The incident occurred on May 1, 2024 at around 07:30 local time. The flight, operated by Colombian airline SATENA, was full of passengers as the ATR aircraft was backtracking on the runway for departure to El Embrujo Airport (PVA) in Providencia, also in Colombia.

Video footage of the incident has been posted on social media X (formerly Twitter), showing the aircraft with its nose on the ground as passengers alight from the rear exit door.

All 45 passengers and four crew disembarked the aircraft without injuries. Colombia’s Technical Direction of Civil Aircraft Accident investigation has opened an investigation. 

The aircraft, with registration HK-5104, was built in 2004.

Colombia精东影业 Civil Aeronautics Special Administrative Unit issued a statement on social media, confirming the incident.

鈥淐ivil Aeronautics is carrying out coordination efforts to expedite the removal of the aircraft,鈥� the administration said.

LATAM A320 lands with misaligned nose gear

• Airlines

byClement Charpentreau

2022-03-30

Named Explorer 3.0, the aircraft is the first of Scoot精东影业 nine new E190-E2s to arrive in Singapore. It departed from Brazil on April 12, 2024, and made several fuel stops before arriving at Changi Airport, where it was greeted with a water cannon salute.

According to Scoot, the second Embraer aircraft is scheduled to arrive by the end of April 2024, while the remaining seven are expected to be progressively delivered by the end of 2025.

鈥淲e are honored to be the first Singapore carrier to take delivery of this modern and fuel-efficient aircraft and the E190-E2 jets are crucial to our overall network growth strategy,鈥� Leslie Thng, Scoot CEO said in a press statement.

Scoot精东影业 Embraer E190-E2 routes are set to begin in May 2024 with Explorer 3.0精东影业 inaugural flight scheduled to Krabi International Airport (KBV) in Thailand.

In an Executive Spotlight interview with 精东影业 at the 2024 Singapore Airshow, Scoot COO CK Ng said that the single-aisle Embraer E190-E2 would give Scoot the chance to 鈥渆xperiment鈥� with new routes and being able to explore new frontiers.

In a May 2023 , Scoot CEO Leslie Thng said the E190-E2s will allow the airline to serve 鈥渢hinner routes to non-metro destinations out of Singapore鈥�.

In March 2024, Scoot revealed the first six destinations its new Embraer E190-E2 plane will fly to, all of them being secondary cities. 

These new destinations are: 

• Koh Samui Airport (USM)听
• Sibu International Airport (SBW)

Existing destinations: 

• Hat Yai International Airport (HDY)听
• Sultan Ahmad Shah Airport (KUA)
• Krabi International Airport (KBV)
• Miri International Airport (MYY)听

Exclusive interview: Why is Scoot adding Embraer narrowbodies to its fleet?

• Executive Spotlight

byJean Carmela Lim

2024-04-06

The delivery of the E190-E2 marks the first time that a Singapore carrier has introduced an aircraft from the Brazilian manufacturer.

The aircraft is named 鈥楨xplorer 3.0鈥�, in celebration of the third and newest fleet addition to Scoot.

鈥淲e are honored to be the first Singapore carrier to take delivery of this modern and fuel-efficient aircraft and the E190-E2 jets are crucial to our overall network growth strategy,鈥� Leslie Thng, Scoot CEO said in a press statement.

鈥淭he delivery of the first Embraer E190-E2 reflects our confidence in the demand for air travel and our commitment to connect our customers to more destinations at the same great value. We thank Azorra and Embraer for supporting us in this next chapter as we become the first major operator of the E2 in Southeast Asia,鈥� Thng added.

In an Executive Spotlight interview with 精东影业 at the 2024 Singapore Airshow, Scoot COO CK Ng said that the single-aisle Embraer E190-E2 will give Scoot the chance to 鈥渆xperiment鈥� with new routes and being able to explore new frontiers

鈥淭he Embraer E190-E2 basically will allow us to fly to places where we find that, if we operate with the conventional A320 or the 787s, we鈥檇 be over capacitated,鈥� Ng told 精东影业. 鈥淭here are some places where we think we don鈥檛 have that kind of capacity yet.鈥�

Scoot精东影业 Embraer E190-E2 routes are set to begin in May 2024 with Explorer 3.0精东影业 inaugural flight scheduled to Krabi International Airport (KBV) in Thailand.

Scoot will take delivery of three other E190-E2s this year, with the remaining four due to arrive in 2025.

Exclusive interview: Why is Scoot adding Embraer narrowbodies to its fleet?

• Executive Spotlight

byJean Carmela Lim

2024-04-06

This article will delve into the workings of the Instrument Landing System, unraveling the technology behind it and shedding light on its importance for the aviation industry. 

Overview of ILS 

Definition and purpose 

The ILS is a sophisticated navigational aid used in aviation to assist pilots during the approach and landing phases. Its primary purpose is to provide precise guidance to aircraft, enabling them to land safely, especially in adverse weather conditions. ILS achieves this by offering both lateral and vertical guidance to ensure accurate alignment with the runway. Pilots in the cockpit receive data transmitted to their instruments that assists them in maintaining a predetermined flight path. 

Historical evolution 

The development of ILS dates back to the early 20th century, with continuous advancements being made over the years. Initial testing of ILS commenced in the United States (US) when on September 24, 1929, to perform a complete flight, including takeoff, flying, and landing, relying solely on instruments without visual reference outside the cockpit. 

On January 26, 1938, a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Boeing 247D executed the first scheduled US passenger airliner landing using the ILS. The flight, from Washington D.C. to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, successfully landed during a snowstorm, relying solely on the ILS.  

The utilizing ILS took place in March 1964 at Bedford Airport in the United Kingdom. When the Category IIIC ILS performs a precision instrument approach and landing without decision height and unlimited runway visual range, it becomes a fully automatic approach for landing. Decision height is a specified altitude, expressed in feet above the ground or sea level, at which a pilot must decide whether to carry an instrument approach.

Key components of ILS 

Localizer (LOC) 

A crucial component of ILS is the localizer, which provides lateral guidance to aircraft during the approach. Positioned on the side of the runway at the touchdown point, the localizer antenna transmits a radio signal along the runway centerline. By interpreting this signal, aircraft avionics systems determine if they are on the correct course. Essentially, the localizer guides the pilot left or right, ensuring that the aircraft remains aligned with the runway centerline.听It is also possible to fly on the opposite side of the localizer to approach the runway, known as localizer backcourse.

Glide path (GP) 

Working with the localizer, the glide path provides vertical guidance to assist in the descent phase of landing. Located at the runway’s far end, it emits a signal that creates a precise descent path. The glide slope signal is aligned to establish a glide path that is approximately or ground level. Pilots use this signal to adjust the aircraft’s rate of descent, ensuring a smooth and accurate approach to the runway at the correct angle. 

Operational modes of ILS 

Precision approach 

ILS offers different precision approach categories, each with specific requirements and capabilities. 

• Category I: Suitable for routine operations with a decision height not lower than 200 ft and a runway visual range of at least 1,800 ft or visibility of 2,600 ft. 

• Category II: Lower decision heights (down to 100-200 ft) and reduced visibility requirements (down to 1,200 ft according to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and 1,000 ft for the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)). 

• Category III: Further subdivided into IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, with IIIB having the lowest decision heights (50 ft) and visibility requirements (ICAO 150-700 ft and EASA 250-700 ft), IIIA decision heights are 100 ft and visibility of 700 ft, down to zero/zero for IIIC.听To conduct CAT-III approaches not only the pilot must be certified but the specific aircraft too.

Non-precision approach 

In contrast to precision approaches, non-precision approaches or instrument approaches provide lateral guidance, but they lack the vertical guidance of a glide path. Pilots are required to use altitude and other non-precision instruments to navigate and descend, making the process less accurate in challenging weather conditions compared to precision approaches.

Radio frequencies and signal characteristics 

UHF and VHF bands 

For communication between the ground-based equipment and the aircraft, ILS utilizes both Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands around and Very High Frequency (VHF) bands around . VHF is commonly used for the localizer, while UHF is employed for the glide slope. 

Modulation technique 

The localizer signal uses Amplitude Modulation (AM), varying the signal’s amplitude between the signals to convey information.  

Autoland capability 

The autoland system enhances ILS capabilities by automating the landing process. In adverse conditions or low visibility, the autoland system can take control of the aircraft, following ILS guidance precisely. This capability reduces the workload of and ensures a safe landing even in challenging situations. 

ILS maintenance and calibration 

ILS requires regular maintenance to ensure the accuracy and reliability of its signals. Ground-based maintenance crews conduct routine checks and calibrations, verifying that the localizer and glide path signals meet stringent standards. 

Increasing numbers of drones are being developed to enhance ILS inspection operations, significantly reducing the need for manned aircraft flight checks. This has resulted in a notable decrease in overall operational costs at airports.

Alternatives and future developments 

The Microwave Landing System known as MLS is a precision radio guidance system designed for major airports, providing all-weather assistance to aircraft during landings, including those conducted in conditions with limited visibility. In 1994, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the US , opting instead for the satellite-based Global Positioning System known as GPS. 

The Transponder Landing System known as TLS is a precision landing technology suitable for all weather conditions. It utilizes ILS and the existing airborne transponder to establish a precise approach in locations where a conventional ILS might not be viable or where reliance on satellite-based navigation might prove unreliable. Since 1998, the TLS has for Category I ILS usage, also approved by ICAO. 

Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) is a high-precision approach procedure used in aviation that leverages GPS signals to provide both lateral and vertical guidance during the aircraft’s approach and landing phases. In addition, they do not require the aircrew to receive specialized training. As of October 5, 2021, the FAA has confirmed that there have been . 

The Ground-Based Augmentation System known as GBAS is a satellite navigation technology designed to enhance the reliability and accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), for example GPS. Major airports around the world have adopted GBAS to enhance their navigation capabilities, providing more flexibility in approach procedures and increasing operational efficiency. 

Unlike traditional ILS, which relies on ground-based radio signals, GBAS utilizes , offering several advantages. The system is especially beneficial in areas with challenging terrain or where installing traditional ground-based navigation aids might prove impractical. 

While it seems that ILS will continue to be utilized in the foreseeable future due to its precision and reliability, airports situated in varied terrain areas may transition to GBAS approaches.  

Here, we delve into its capabilities and explore the reasons behind the F-15’s enduring production since 1972, unpacking exactly what makes it so noteworthy.听

Origins and development of F-15听

The roots of the F-15 Eagle can be traced back to the late 1960s when the United States Air Force (USAF) sought a superior air-to-air fighter. In 1969, after evaluating various proposals, the USAF chose the design put forth by McDonnell Douglas.  

This marked the birth of the F-15, an all-weather tactical fighter jet featuring twin engines and designed to outclass any potential adversary. It was one of the first fighter jets to be designed according to doctrine (as opposed to interceptors) of the USAF. 

The initial versions of the Eagle comprised the single-seat F-15 and the twin-seat training TF-15 variants. Following the maiden flight of the F-15C, the designations were renamed F-15A and F-15B. The aircraft were equipped with new Pratt & Whitney F100 engines, achieving a combat thrust-to-weight ratio exceeding 1:1 allowing them to pitch straight up while maintaining airspeed. 

The inaugural flight of the F-15A took place on July 27, 1972, with the two-seat F-15B completing its maiden flight a year later.听 The aircraft entered service in January 1976.听

Design and technology听

The F-15 features a semi-monocoque fuselage constructed from all-metal materials, complemented by a substantial cantilever and shoulder-mounted wing. It can make sharp turns without losing speed because of its low weight-to-wing area ratio and a high thrust-to-weight ratio, making it highly maneuverable. The F-15 is also the fastest fighter jet in US service in terms of deployed aircraft.  

It can ascend to 30,000 feet (9,100 meters) in approximately 60 seconds and fly for about without refueling. When flying at specific speeds, the combined thrust of its dual engines exceeds the aircraft’s combat weight and drag, allowing it to accelerate vertically. 

The F-15 is also equipped with a 鈥� radar capable of distinguishing moving targets close to the ground amidst background noise. In contrast to the F-14 Tomcat or F-4 Phantom, the F-15 has a single canopy frame, providing the pilot with an unobstructed 360掳 field of view.听

The F-15 even demonstrated its ability to maintain controlled flight with just one wing during a in 1983. Despite losing most of the starboard wing, the pilot adapted swiftly, mastering the techniques required to fly and safely land the aircraft. 

The F-15 comes with a versatile avionics system, featuring a head-up display (HUD), advanced radar, inertial guidance, flight instruments, high-frequency communications, and navigation systems. Additionally, it includes an internal electronic warfare system, friend-or-foe identification, electronic countermeasures, and a central digital computer. 

The visible-in-any-light HUD display gives the pilot essential information for tracking and eliminating an enemy aircraft without the need to divert attention to cockpit instruments. 

Operational history听

One of the remarkable feats of the F-15 is its of 104 victories, never having lost a dogfight or been shot down in combat. The aircraft took part in the Gulf War during Operation Desert Shield and the Yemen Civil War. This unparalleled success has solidified its reputation as an air superiority juggernaut. 

Despite the F-15 being primarily designed for the USAF, it was the Israeli Air Force (IAF) that made the most use of its capabilities. IAF ace achieved the first F-15 kill in 1979. In total, IAF pilots have achieved more than 50% of F-15 kills. Israel was also the first operator to develop and use the air-to-ground capabilities of the air-superiority F-15 variants, leveraging its extended range compared to other IAF aircraft. 

An F-15 nicknamed ‘ made history on September 13, 1985, by destroying a satellite called Solwind P78-1. It was the first and only time a jet achieved an air-to-space kill. 

The F-15 has continually adapted to contemporary challenges, maintaining relevance in modern conflicts. Its versatility has allowed it to evolve with advancements in technology, ensuring that it remains a critical asset in the ever-changing landscape of aerial warfare.

Variants and current operators听

Here are the most significant variants of the F-15, both in terms of prominence and the number of aircraft built: 

• F-15A: The single-seat all-weather air-superiority fighter version, of which 384 units were built between 1972 and 1979. Retired on 16 September 2009. 
• F-15B: Built and retired together with F-15A. Two-seat training version with 61 units built. 
• F-15C: Enhanced as a single-seat, all-weather air-superiority fighter version, a total of 483 units were manufactured between 1979 and 1985. 
• F15D: Two-seat training version, 92 units built together with F15C. 
• F-15J: Manufactured as a single-seat, all-weather air-superiority fighter version specifically for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, a total of 139 units were built from 1981 to 1997. 
• F-15E Strike Eagle: Developed as a two-seat, all-weather multirole strike version, equipped with additional fuel tanks. With over 500 F-15E and derivative variants manufactured since 1985, this model remains in active production. 

The United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Israel, Qatar, South Korea, and Singapore continue to operate various above-mentioned F-15 variants. 

Note: This list excludes prototypes and research/test aircraft.听

Specifications of F-15C听

General:听

Performance:听

Price听

At the start of 2021, the USAF took delivery of its first pair of F-15EX fighter-bombers, a procurement initiated in mid-2020. Each aircraft was priced at $80 million, representing a when compared to the F-35. 

As of today, the estimated unit cost of the F-15EX is around $117 million.听听

Future ahead for the F-15听听

Despite over 50 years of active service since its introduction, the F-15 remains an integral part of the USAF and allied forces globally. Its enduring legacy is set to continue with the introduction of the F-15EX Eagle II version. 

Enhancements for this comprise the (Advanced Missile and Bomb Ejector Rack) system that accommodates up to , infrared search and track capabilities, advanced avionics, electronic warfare equipment, an AESA radar (active electronically scanned array), and a modified structure designed for a service life of 20,000 hours. 

The F-15 Eagle is expected to be in service with the USAF at least with newer models being produced for foreign customers.听

F-16 Fighting Falcon: multi-role fighter aircraft and its history

• Aircraft
• Aviation History

byRosita Mickeviciute

2023-05-15

Here, we embark on a journey to explore the Top 10 largest airports in the world in 2024, focusing specifically on their land area size. We’ll count down from the 10th place to the first place…听

10. Cairo International Airport () 14 square miles (36 square kilometers) 

Cairo International Airport opened for business in 1963. Situated in Heliopolis, it stands as the busiest airport in Egypt and serves as a central hub for Egyptair, Air Cairo, Air Arabia Egypt and Nile Air. It also holds the distinction of being the busiest airport in Africa. 

The airport boasts four terminals, of which three cater for both international and domestic flights. In 2011, a new terminal, named the Seasonal Flight Terminal (SFT), was inaugurated to alleviate operational pressures, particularly during pilgrim seasons. The airport has four runways. 

9. Shanghai Pudong International Airport () 15 square miles (39 square kilometers) 

Starting commercial operations in 1999, Shanghai Pudong Airport is situated in Shanghai, China, and holds a significant status as a major aviation hub for airlines including Shanghai Airlines and China Eastern Airlines. 

Pudong Airport boasts two passenger terminals, with Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 facilitating both domestic and international flights. In a recent expansion, a third passenger terminal, along with a satellite terminal and two additional runways, was opened in 2021. Currently, the airport has five runways. 

8. George Bush Intercontinental Airport () 17 square miles (44 square kilometers) 

Originally named 鈥楬ouston Intercontinental Airport鈥�, the airport was opened in 1969 and is situated in Houston, Texas. Functioning as a significant aviation hub for United Airlines and a focus city for Spirit Airlines, it also ranks as the second busiest airport in the US state of Texas. 

George Bush Airport is equipped with five terminals, designated as Terminals A, B, C, D and E. These terminals collectively accommodate both domestic and international operations. Complementing its operations, the airport features five runways to manage its bustling traffic efficiently. 

7. Beijing Daxing International Airport () 18 square miles (47 square kilometers) 

Located in China, Beijing Daxing Airport holds the rank of sixth on the list of the world’s largest airports, based on area size. It can also claim the title of the world’s largest single-building airport terminal. PKX started operations in 2019 and has risen to become the central aviation hub for three prominent Chinese airlines: Air China, China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines. 

Daxing Airport features a single terminal, but this unique structure boasts five concourses, forming a striking starfish shape when viewed from above. To facilitate its extensive operations, the airport is equipped with four runways. 

6. Washington Dulles International Airport () 18 square miles (47 square kilometers) 

Washington Dulles International Airport, commonly referred to as Dulles International Airport, has been in operation since 1962. Serving as both the first and main hub for United Airlines, it also holds a hub for Southern Airways Express. It is ranked as the world’s fifth-largest airport and the fourth-largest within the United States (US). 

The airport’s terminal configuration comprises a central main terminal alongside two midfield terminal buildings, denoted as concourses A/B and C/D. Dulles Airport boasts a total of four runways. 

5. Orlando International Airport () 20 square miles (52 square kilometers) 

Open since 1940, Orlando International Airport holds the distinction of serving as a significant operating base for several prominent airlines, including Frontier Airlines, Avelo Airlines, Southwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Additionally, it functions as a hub for JetBlue and Silver Airways. It精东影业 based in Orlando, Florida. 

Orlando Airport’s main terminal is divided into three segments, namely Terminals A, B and C. Terminals A and B are linked to two airside terminals, facilitating both international and domestic flights. Terminal C is dedicated to international flights operated by non-US airlines and all JetBlue flights. To accommodate all of its bustling activity, the airport is equipped with four runways. 

4. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport () 26 square miles (67 square kilometers) 

Since 1973, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, based in Texas, has played a pivotal role as a major aviation hub for various airlines, including American Airlines, Ameriflight, Southern Airways Express and UPS Airlines. Additionally, it holds the status of a focus city for Spirit Airlines, Frontier Airlines and Sun Country Airlines. 

Dallas Airport has a total of five terminals. Terminal A is exclusively utilized by American Airlines, while the remaining terminals鈥擝, C, D, and E鈥攆acilitate a mix of international and domestic flights. Notably, the airport is equipped with a grand total of seven runways. A unique distinction of DFW is that it stands as the sole airport worldwide with four operational paved runways, exceeding 13,000 feet or 4,000 meters in length. 

3. Istanbul Airport () 29.5 square miles (76 square kilometers) 

Since its opening in 2019, Istanbul Airport has become a major global hub for Turkish Airlines. The airport has one terminal, serving both domestic and international flights.  

What sets Istanbul Airport apart is its impressive runway infrastructure, with five runways, some exceeding 13,000 feet or 4,000 meters in length. This capacity allows for efficient handling of a large number of flights. Additionally, the airport offers modern amenities like lounges, shops, and dining options, making it a comfortable and convenient travel choice for passengers connecting between Europe and Asia. 

The new Istanbul airport stands as Turkey‘s largest infrastructure project. The airport is expected to be fully built by 2025, at which point it will have six runways and reach a total capacity of accommodating 200 million passengers annually. 
 

2. Denver International Airport () 53 square miles (137 square kilometers) 

Denver International Airport, located in Colorado, has been in operation since 1995 and holds several remarkable distinctions. It ranks as the second-largest airport globally and the largest within the US. Additionally, it proudly claims the title of the world’s second-busiest airport, a testament to its sheer volume of activity. 

Notably, the airport boasts the longest public-use runway across North America and the seventh-longest globally, stretching an impressive 16,000 feet or 4,800 meters. Serving as a hub for United Airlines, Southern Airways Express, and Denver Air Connection, it also operates as a base for Southwest Airlines and Frontier Airlines. 

Denver Airport’s single terminal is connected to three primary midfield concourses鈥擜, B, and C. To accommodate its dynamic air traffic, the airport is equipped with a total of six runways. 

Enhancing its distinctiveness, Denver International Airport showcases a collection of iconic and unique artworks. Among these, one particularly noteworthy piece is the 鈥楳ustang鈥�, situated outside the airport. The airport’s Teflon-coated fiberglass roof pays homage to the Rocky Mountains. 

1. King Fahd International Airport () 299 square miles (774 square kilometers) 

Introducing the world’s largest airport in terms of area size, measuring a sprawling 299 square miles or 774 square kilometers: King Fahd International Airport, also recognized as Dammam Airport, based in Saudi Arabia. Commencing operations in 1999, this airport serves as a hub for Saudia, Flyadeal, and Flynas. 

The airport’s infrastructure comprises three distinct terminal buildings. The primary terminal, spanning six floors, accommodates both international and domestic flights. The Aramco Terminal, on the other hand, caters exclusively to private airlines operated by Saudi Aramco. Additionally, the Royal Terminal extends its services to the royal family of Saudi Arabia, official guests, and government officials. Dammam Airport is adeptly facilitated by two runways. 

Sum up: World精东影业 Top 10 largest airports in 2024听

Please note that the sizes are approximate and rounded values. 

Top 10 busiest airports in the world for 2022

• Air Cargo
• Aircraft
• Airport
• Aviation Top 10s

byRosita Mickeviciute

2023-11-24

Join us as we soar through time, starting at 10th place and ascending towards the pinnacle of flight achievement – the most produced aircraft of all time. But before we start going up our list let精东影业 look at the other two most produced narrow-body airliners. 

Honorable mentions: Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 

Most produced commercial airliner: Boeing 737 

The Boeing 737 is a widely recognized commercial airliner that first took flight in 1967. Created by the American aerospace company Boeing, the 737 series has seen remarkable success, with over . It is celebrated for its versatility, reliability, and widespread use in the aviation industry, making it the most produced commercial airliner in history.听

Revolutionizing commercial aviation: Airbus A320听

The Airbus A320 is another prominent commercial airliner. Developed by the European aerospace manufacturer Airbus, the A320 series has achieved significant production numbers, with over . It is celebrated for its advanced technology, fuel efficiency, and contribution to modernizing air travel, establishing itself as one of the most produced commercial airliners in aviation history.

Now, let精东影业 begin our countdown of the Top 10 most produced aircraft in aviation history.  

10. Polikarpov Po-2: biplane brilliance 

Our countdown commences with the Polikarpov Po-2, the most produced biplane ever. With a production range between 20,000 to 30,000 units, this Soviet multirole soared through the skies from 1928 to 1952.  

It found extensive utility in training, liaison, reconnaissance and ground-attack missions. It was also used in Poland as well. While production ceased in the Soviet Union by 1953, licensed CSS-13s variant continued to roll off Polish assembly lines until 1959. 

9. Focke-Wulf Fw 190: a fighter’s legacy 

In the ninth spot is the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, German single-seat fighter aircraft. With a production count of 20,051 units, this fighter aircraft left a significant impact on aerial combat during WW2. Its operation span from 1939 to 1945, even witnessing a post-war chapter with 64 units produced in France as the 鈥楴C 900鈥�. 

One of the Fw 190’s most striking features was its innovative radial engine, which contributed to the aircraft’s distinctive and menacing appearance. This distinctive design, combined with aerodynamics, gave the Fw 190 a competitive edge in combat situations, allowing it to outmaneuver and outperform many of its adversaries. 

8. Piper J-3 Cub: a fabric-covered wonder 

Flying into eighth place is the Piper J-3 Cub which today stands as a true embodiment of a vintage aviation. With 20,191 units produced, this fabric-covered welded steel frame fuselage monoplane graced the skies from 1938 to 1947, produced mainly in the United States (US) with 150 units being crafted on Canadian soil. Interestingly, variants, such as the L-4, O-59, TG-8, and NE, expanded their capabilities beyond civilian aviation.  

7. Supermarine Spitfire/Seafire: British aviation legend 

Our countdown reaches the seventh spot, presenting the legendary Supermarine Spitfire/Seafire. With a production count of 22,685, this British fighter aircraft was one of the planes manufactured continuously throughout the war. Active from 1938 to 1948, its agility and design were instrumental in shaping the aerial theater of WW2.  

Notably, its Seafire variants introduced carrier-based operations through the introduction of tailhooks. By doing so and adapting to carrier-based operations, the Seafire expanded the aircraft’s reach and demonstrated its adaptability in maritime contexts. 

6. Cessna 182: utility beyond bounds 

Claiming sixth place here is the Cessna 182, a utility aircraft that transcended expectations. With production around 24,000 units and climbing, this versatile aircraft, active since 1956, has found admirers worldwide. Cessna 182s are manufactured in Kansas, US, by Reims Aviation. 

What truly sets the Cessna 182 apart is its exceptional versatility. Designed with adaptability in mind, it has proven itself time and again in a multitude of roles, ranging from personal and business travel to aerial surveying, law enforcement and even skydiving operations. 

5. Cessna 150 / 152: two-seater excellence 

Flying high in fifth place, the Cessna 150 / 152 secures its position with a production count of over 31,000 units between 1958 and 1986. A true marvel, it精东影业 civil aviation’s most produced two-seat aircraft in terms of production volume.

Interestingly, it has also earned a reputation as one of the most popular aircraft for flight training. Its straightforward handling characteristics, stability, and forgiving flight envelope have made it a preferred choice for flight schools around the world. 

4. Piper PA-28 Cherokee: elevating utility and training 

In the fourth spot, the Piper PA-28 series, a testament to utility and training. With a production tally exceeding 32,778 units, this versatile aircraft family has been active since 1960.  

As with the aforementioned Cessna 150 / 152, the PA-28 Series is enduringly popular among flight schools and training institutions. The PA-28’s cockpit ergonomics and user-friendly avionics contribute to an optimal learning environment, making it an ideal aircraft for introducing newcomers to the complexities of flight. 

3. Messerschmitt Bf 109: a fighter’s legacy 

Third place is claimed by the Messerschmitt Bf 109, a fighter legend that has earned its stripes in history. With a production count of 34,852 units, this German aircraft took to the skies between 1936 and 1958, playing a pivotal role in WW2 as the backbone of the German Luftwaffe’s fighter force. It saw action in numerous theaters, including the Battle of Britain, the Eastern Front, North Africa and the Mediterranean. 

It is also the fighter aircraft with the highest production count and a single-seat cockpit configuration. Its influence extended across borders, with production taking place in various nations, including Romania, Spain, Hungary, Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. 

2. Ilyushin Il-2: the ground-attack aircraft 

Approaching the zenith of our countdown, the Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik, a ground-attack aircraft. With a staggering production figure of 36,183 units, this Soviet plane earned the accolades of being the most produced combat aircraft, most produced low-wing aircraft, and the most produced aircraft of WW2. 

One of the most distinctive features of the Il-2 Sturmovik was its armor protection. Designed to withstand enemy fire, the aircraft’s pilot and vital components were heavily armored, giving it exceptional survivability in the hazardous environment of ground attack missions. This focus on protection contributed to Il-2’s reputation for being a 鈥榝lying tank鈥�. 

1. Cessna 172 Skyhawk: the ultimate flight companion 

Right at the top of our countdown stands the Cessna 172 Skyhawk. With a record-breaking production count exceeding 44,000 units and climbing, this aircraft reigns as the most produced commercial aircraft in history. From 1956 to the present, its rich legacy reflects its unwavering popularity and status as the ultimate flight companion for generations of aviators.听

The Cessna 172 holds the world record for the longest continuous flight without landing for a single-engine aircraft. The record flight, lasted over 64 days, 22 hours, 19 minutes, and 5 seconds. This remarkable achievement, conducted by Robert Timm and John Cook in 1958, serves to highlight the aircraft’s endurance and reliability. 

To sum up 

As we conclude our flight through aviation history, we note that the Top 10 most produced aircraft have demonstrated their enduring impact and significance. From biplanes to fighters, each aircraft on this list has left an indelible mark, shaping the course of aviation. Through these remarkable machines, we celebrate the ingenuity, dedication, and determination that have propelled humanity’s journey through the heavens. 

In this article, we’ll delve into its fascinating history, mission, performance, variants, price, current operator, and deliveries, plus the future that lies ahead for this legendary attack aircraft.

History 

The A-10 Warthog story began in the late 1960s when Fairchild Republic Corporation (now part of Northrop Grumman) designed and built an aircraft to answer the A-X program. The tender demanded an aircraft that would fill the CAS role previously held by the A-1 Skyraider during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 

A subsonic jet 鈥� that is, one that flies at less than the speed of sound – the A-10 Warthog Thunderbolt II entered service with the United States Air Force (USAF) in March 1976. To maintain its relevance, over the years the A-10 has received numerous upgrades, including new avionics, weapons systems, engines, and wings. 

A-10 Warthog’s mission 

The primary mission of the A-10 Warthog is to provide fire support to troops on the ground. Its capacity for hovering over a battlefield for extended periods, its impressive firepower, and its ability to take damage and keep on flying make it a formidable asset in supporting ground forces engaged in combat. 

Performance听

The A-10 Warthog’s performance is nothing short of exceptional, making it a standout in the world of military aviation. Here’s a closer look at its remarkable capabilities: 

• Unique Design: The A-10’s twin-engine, straight-wing design is distinctive and purpose-built. This configuration provides several advantages, including stability and lift at low altitudes, making it a highly maneuverable aircraft. Its overall rugged design, featuring 1,200 pounds (540 kilograms) titanium armor box known as the 鈥榖athtub鈥�, is made to protect the pilot from ground fire and is optimized for survivability on the battlefield. It is also designed for easy maintenance and repair in austere conditions. 
• 鈥楾ank-Killer鈥� Reputation: The A-10 earned its moniker as a 鈥榯ank-killer鈥� for a reason. Central to this capability is the GAU-8/A Avenger 30mm rotary cannon. This seven-barrel Gatling gun is specifically designed to penetrate enemy armored vehicles, using 30脳173mm PGU-14/B armor-piercing projectile with depleted uranium core. Its firing rate of 3,900 rounds per minute makes it a fearsome weapon on the battlefield. 
• Low-Speed Advantage: One of the A-10’s defining characteristics is its relatively low cruising speed of 300 knots (560 km/h). While some fighter-bombers are built for high-speed intercept and evasion, the A-10’s slower pace is a strategic advantage in the ground-attack role. This slower speed allows for more accurate targeting and improved visibility when operating at low altitudes, which contributes to its effectiveness in supporting troops and engaging ground targets. 
• Engines: The A-10 Warthog is powered by two General Electric TF34-GE-100A turbofan engines, each generating a thrust of 9,065 pounds-force (40.32 kN). These engines are well regarded for their durability and performance, making them an ideal choice for an aircraft designed for CAS missions.

General specifications鈥��

Performance specifications鈥��

A-10 Warthog Thunderbolt II variants听

Over the years, the A-10 has been through various iterations and upgrades, from the A-10A to the A-10C and several experimental models. The A-10C is the most modern version, featuring advanced avionics and weapon systems.  

Here’s a closer look at these A-10 variants:

YA-10A听

A pre-production version of which 12 units were manufactured.

A-10A听

The initial production version designed for single-seat CAS and ground-attack missions.听

OA-10A听

A variant of the A-10A used for airborne forward air control.听

YA-10B Night/Adverse Weather (N/AW)听

An experimental prototype featuring two seats, designed for night and adverse weather operations. The sole YA-10B prototype was converted from an A-10A.听

A-10C听

A version of the A-10A that underwent updates as part of the incremental Precision Engagement (PE) program.

A-10PCAS听

An unmanned version proposed by Raytheon and Aurora Flight Sciences (now part of Boeing) in 2012 as part of DARPA’s Persistent Close Air Support program. After a successful demonstration campaign that concluded in 2015, the initial idea of using an optionally manned A-10 was later dropped.

Price听

As of 2023, the A-10 Warthog comes with a baseline price tag of approximately $13.4 million per aircraft. This figure encompasses the initial procurement cost, training expenses and transfer fees. Additionally, it’s important to factor in the continuous expenses related to the repairs and upgrades required to keep the A-10 operating at its optimal performance level. 

A-10 Warthog’s current operators and deliveries听

The A-10 has only been used by the USAF and its two reserve units, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG). In 2017, there were a total of 282 operational A-10C aircraft, distributed as follows: 141 with the USAF, 55 with the AFRC, and 86 with the ANG.

Future ahead听

Following numerous rejections by Congress, the USAF finally obtained congressional approval to initiate the retirement of A-10s in 2023. The projected retirement of all A-10s is scheduled for either 2028 or 2029. Nevertheless, Congress has imposed a temporary halt on any further reductions in the active duty A-10 fleet. This pause will continue until the USAF can demonstrate that other aircraft are capable of effectively taking over CAS missions, which have traditionally been the domain of the A-10. 

This year, the Air Force is projected to retire 21 A-10s. As a result, the Air Force’s A-10 fleet will decrease from 281 to 260 aircraft.听

The SR-71 Blackbird: unveiling the fastest plane ever built

• Aircraft
• Aviation History
• Defense

byRosita Mickeviciute

2023-12-12